![](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_c3ae375ff5aa4cc8ad7cda3ace7de4f0~mv2_d_3840_2560_s_4_2.jpg/v1/fill/w_1920,h_1280,al_c,q_90,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/1cbd37_c3ae375ff5aa4cc8ad7cda3ace7de4f0~mv2_d_3840_2560_s_4_2.jpg)
![](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_c7b7e0ebc1624791be5eb3b4ac0a0625~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_213,h_160,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/1cbd37_c7b7e0ebc1624791be5eb3b4ac0a0625~mv2.jpg)
ice age
An Unusual Suspect: DId the Gulf Stream Trigger the Ice Age?
![Gulf Stream map WI tnail smaller.jpg](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_648f8b14a400457bba0b661564988bbb~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_273,h_187,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Gulf%20Stream%20map%20WI%20tnail%20smaller.jpg)
Gulf Stream (cover image)
Image adapted from:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Golfstream.jpg
Attribution/Licence: By RedAndr [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Central American Seaway
Image from:
https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/89813.php?from=293350
Attribution: Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
Licence: No licence information cited
![Ice Age An Unusual Suspect Central Ameri](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_6bb8ba83da5f4fd680b2ff840b743815~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_242,h_154,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Ice%20Age%20An%20Unusual%20Suspect%20Central%20Ameri.jpg)
![Ice Age Global Ocean Current system CC W](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_c7820eaf1ceb40bebf4ab898578951e1~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_279,h_141,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Ice%20Age%20Global%20Ocean%20Current%20system%20CC%20W.jpg)
Global ocean circulation system
Image from:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thermohaline_circulation.png
Licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
Ellesmere Island map
Image from:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/8905239@N05/6209581637
Attribution: Opus Penguin on Flickr
Licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/
![Ice Age Ellesmere Island CC WI tnail sma](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_e16bc53b276e4383a394049ad85d31a6~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_167,h_135,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Ice%20Age%20Ellesmere%20Island%20CC%20WI%20tnail%20sma.jpg)
Through a Glass, Darkly: Our Incomplete View of Ice Age Ireland
![Ice Age LGM globe adapted cropped CC WI](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_06cdea1061ac4fa187e58a13ea831c3e~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_428,h_172,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Ice%20Age%20LGM%20globe%20adapted%20cropped%20CC%20WI%20.jpg)
Ice Age globe showing Ireland completely covered in ice
Image adapted from:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AIceAgeEarth.jpg
Attribution/Licence: By Ittiz (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Ice Age Giants: Ireland's Woolly Mammoths
![Ice Age Woolly Mammoth facing camera CC](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_dda632622fd54a1a8f79864caa4dd3a4~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_231,h_154,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Ice%20Age%20Woolly%20Mammoth%20facing%20camera%20CC%20.jpg)
Woolly mammoth front view
Image from:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wooly_Mammoth-RBC.jpg
Attribution/Licence: By Tracy O (Flickr) [CC BY-SA 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Musk oxen close-up
Image from:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/bering_land_bridge/15654129683
Attribution: Bering Land Bridge National Preserve
Licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/
![Ice Age Musk oxen CC WI tnail smaller.jp](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_a1e7481471f34648b8ffdae8441be8d0~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_180,h_135,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Ice%20Age%20Musk%20oxen%20CC%20WI%20tnail%20smaller_jp.jpg)
All Fur Coat: How Mammoths Became 'Woolly'
![Woolly mammoth CC WI tnail smaller.jpg](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_f86d4facc58944f3a1afa7e1d9a85c4c~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_232,h_154,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Woolly%20mammoth%20CC%20WI%20tnail%20smaller.jpg)
Woolly mammoth (cover image)
Image from:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AWoolly_mammoth.jpg
Attribution/Licence: By Flying Puffin (Mammut Uploaded by FunkMonk) [CC BY-SA 2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Mammuthus subplanifrons
Image from:
https://www.deviantart.com/sameerprehistorica/art/South-African-Mammoth-550898472
Attribution/Copyright: SameerPrehistorica on DeviantArt. Reproduced here with permission.
![Ice Age All Fur Coat Mammuthus subplanif](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_7d95c4d849dc4778a2d4f8a6af4564e8~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_331,h_159,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Ice%20Age%20All%20Fur%20Coat%20Mammuthus%20subplanif.jpg)
![Ice Age All Fur Coat Mammuthus trogonthe](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_86a3cb08b273419c927fc87d636cf919~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_299,h_150,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Ice%20Age%20All%20Fur%20Coat%20Mammuthus%20trogonthe.jpg)
Steppe mammoth, Mammuthus trogontherii
Image adapted from:
https://www.deviantart.com/sameerprehistorica/art/Steppe-Mammoth-331974787
Attribution/Copyright: SameerPrehistorica on DeviantArt. Reproduced here with permission.
Laughing at the Cold: Ireland's Ancient Hyenas
32,000-year-old rock painting from Chauvet Cave possibly of a cave hyena
Image from:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20,000_Year_Old_Cave_Paintings_Hyena.png
Attribution/Licence: Chauvet Cave [Public domain or CC BY-SA 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
![Ice Age Spotted Hyena rock painting Chau](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_a33e8f381d204f8dbdc244cfa0405b50~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_294,h_202,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Ice%20Age%20Spotted%20Hyena%20rock%20painting%20Chau.jpg)
Civet
Image from:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Small_Indian_Civet,_Silchar,_Assam,_India.jpg
Attribution: Rejaul karim.rk
Licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
![Ice Age Civet CC WI tnail smaller.jpg](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_3c9bbbe2906e4591967af5f1575437a1~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_239,h_159,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Ice%20Age%20Civet%20CC%20WI%20tnail%20smaller.jpg)
![Ice_Age_Laughing_at_the_Cold_Fossil_Hyen](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_c087a719fa874c0e86e76e7a639d520c~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_434,h_186,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Ice_Age_Laughing_at_the_Cold_Fossil_Hyen.jpg)
Fossil hyena species
Image from:
Fig.2 from Turner, Alan, Antón, Mauricio, & Werdelin, Lars (2008) Taxonomy and evolutionary patterns in the fossil Hyaenidae of Europe. Geobios 41 (5), 677–687.
Attribution: Mauricio Antón
Copyright: Mauricio Antón. Reproduced here with permission
Spotted hyenas in the snow
Image from:
https://www.deviantart.com/renum63/art/Ice-Age-spotted-hyena-584821291
Attribution/Copyright: Renum63 on DeviantArt. Reproduced here with permission
![Ice Age Laughing at the Cold Spotted hye](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_f835be7d21534a4192961701ae5e1f80~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_510,h_173,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Ice%20Age%20Laughing%20at%20the%20Cold%20Spotted%20hye.jpg)
From Ice-Land to Island: The Last Glacial Maximum & Birth of Island Ireland
![LGM globe adapted CC WI tnail smaller.jp](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_434da2e19646409b993e1c99da0921ad~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_134,h_134,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/LGM%20globe%20adapted%20CC%20WI%20tnail%20smaller_jp.jpg)
Last Glacial Maximum globe
Image adapted from:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AIceAgeEarth.jpg
Attribution/Licence: By Ittiz (Own work) [CC BY-SA 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
Ben Bulben, Co. Sligo
Image adapted from:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/andrewparnell/532965492
Attribution: Andrew Parnell on Flickr
Licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/
![Banner Ben Bulben New CC WI tnail smalle](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_482383087d1848598b08f31ba7edfcd6~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_511,h_183,al_c,lg_1,q_80,enc_auto/Banner%20Ben%20Bulben%20New%20CC%20WI%20tnail%20smalle.jpg)
![Ice Age Arctic sandwort Arenaria ciliata](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_9d328c489ad64ac89f9110c13fba0d60~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_239,h_179,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Ice%20Age%20Arctic%20sandwort%20Arenaria%20ciliata.jpg)
Arctic sandwort (Arenaria ciliata)
Image from:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arenaria_ciliata.JPG
Attribution/Licence: By No machine-readable author provided. Thommybe assumed (based on copyright claims). [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons
The White Bear's Green Heritage? Polar Bears & Ice Age Ireland
Antarctic Temperature and Global Ice Volume chart 450 KYA to Present
Image from:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ice_Age_Temperature.png
Attribution: Robert A. Rohde
Licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en
![Ice Age Hoxnian Interglacial temp chart](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_09993aba29be40dc8556304132e1101a~mv2.png/v1/fill/w_203,h_136,al_c,q_85,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Ice%20Age%20Hoxnian%20Interglacial%20temp%20chart%20.png)
Polar bear swimming underwater
Image from:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Polar_bear_swimming_in_zoo.jpg
Attribution/Licence: By John [CC BY 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
![Ice Age Polar Bear swimming underwater C](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_2e53c33ff77748cd8360f43389a73921~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_234,h_156,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Ice%20Age%20Polar%20Bear%20swimming%20underwater%20C.jpg)
Polar bear/brown bear hybrid
Image from:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/derstefan/7303775984
Attribution: Stefan David, CamperCo.de
Licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/
![Ice Age Polar Bear Brown Bear hybrid CC](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_e1097cc166cc4d98bf84cfa2cfff91ca~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_302,h_136,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Ice%20Age%20Polar%20Bear%20Brown%20Bear%20hybrid%20CC%20.jpg)
Mouse cells showing nucleus, mitochondria, and cell skeleton
Image from:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/nichd/19124186316
Attribution: NICHD on flickr
Licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/
![Ice Age Mouse cells with mitochondria CC](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_2c57626aeb854c9ba0d695933cef6a99~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_121,h_133,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Ice%20Age%20Mouse%20cells%20with%20mitochondria%20CC.jpg)
![Ice Age Mitochondrion simple diagram CC.](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_43a3081799da407d9fb5c21ff839b8db~mv2_d_2000_1535_s_2.png/v1/fill/w_207,h_159,al_c,q_85,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Ice%20Age%20Mitochondrion%20simple%20diagram%20CC_.png)
Animal cell simple diagram
Image from:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Simple_diagram_of_animal_cell_(en).svg
Attribution/Licence: By domdomegg [CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)], from Wikimedia Commons
Mitochondrial DNA inheritance diagram
Image from:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mitochondrial_DNA_versus_Nuclear_DNA.gif
Attribution/Licence: By University of California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP) and the National Center for Science Education [CC BY-SA 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons
![Ice Age The White Bears Green Heritage M](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_23ba810ae7b74bb197a55c9904ad058e~mv2.gif)
Crowned as a True Ice Age King: The Giant Irish Deer
![Ice Age giant Irish deer skeleton white](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_163fc89e68cd4a42aecd1bdbd690918a~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_132,h_134,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Ice%20Age%20giant%20Irish%20deer%20skeleton%20white%20.jpg)
Giant Irish deer skeleton white background
Image from:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Irish_Elk_Side_(white_background).jpg
Attribution/Licence: By Franco Atirador ([1]) [CC BY-SA 2.5 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5)], via Wikimedia Commons
Giant Irish deer size image
Image from:
https://www.deviantart.com/sameerprehistorica/art/Megaloceros-392666388
Attribution/Copyright: SameerPrehistorica on DeviantArt. Reproduced here with his permission
![Ice Age giant Irish deer size SameerPreh](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_8c5a961d268c490e8b142488e2733a52~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_257,h_155,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Ice%20Age%20giant%20Irish%20deer%20size%20SameerPreh.jpg)
![Ice Age giant Irish deer skull from Lime](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_cf29beaee33d4d8591a77cdfea63176a~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_261,h_134,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Ice%20Age%20giant%20Irish%20deer%20skull%20from%20Lime.jpg)
Giant Irish deer skull from Limerick bog
Image from:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/15443691062
Attribution: James St. John on Flickr
Licence: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/
Fallow deer
Image from:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_fallow_deer_walking_forward.jpg
Attribution/Licence: By Michael Palmer [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)], from Wikimedia Commons
![Ice Age Fallow deer CC WI tnail smaller.](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_2eeea65ad2f64f589d19dd5a9e317c97~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_269,h_179,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/Ice%20Age%20Fallow%20deer%20CC%20WI%20tnail%20smaller_.jpg)
The First Irish: New Evidence Rewrites the Story of the Earliest Modern Humans in Ireland
Dún Aonghasa aerial photo
Image adapted from:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dun_Aonghasa.JPG
Attribution/Licence: Ronan Mac Giollapharaic [CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)]
![The_First_Irish_Dún_Aonghasa_CC_WI_tnail](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_a24e6f364d3a486a8835608c031afbe9~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_199,h_134,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/The_First_Irish_D%C3%BAn_Aonghasa_CC_WI_tnail.jpg)
Alice and Gwendoline Cave
Image from:
https://bit.ly/32N9cxl
Attribution/Copyright: Terry Casserly and Tim O’Connell. Reproduced here with permission.
![The First Irish Alice and Gwendoline Cav](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_71e0498c63bc433bada3a62b0379f453~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_179,h_134,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/The%20First%20Irish%20Alice%20and%20Gwendoline%20Cav.jpg)
Brown bear kneecap showing cutmarks
Image from:
https://bit.ly/32N9cxl
Attribution/Copyright: James Connolly. Reproduced here with permission.
![The First Irish Bear kneecap in dish Cop](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_89b90da7baf246d49a20250ccaf26f1c~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_165,h_110,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/The%20First%20Irish%20Bear%20kneecap%20in%20dish%20Cop.jpg)
Dr Marion Dowd in Alice and Gwendoline Cave
Image from:
https://bit.ly/32N9cxl
Attribution/Copyright: Terry Casserly and Tim O’Connell. Reproduced here with permission.
![The First Irish Dr Marion Dowd in Alice](https://static.wixstatic.com/media/1cbd37_649b5a64cd624bee902b1dc6e9344ea4~mv2.jpg/v1/fill/w_177,h_133,al_c,q_80,usm_0.66_1.00_0.01,enc_auto/The%20First%20Irish%20Dr%20Marion%20Dowd%20in%20Alice%20.jpg)